Copper pipe Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Copper pipe - Research Paper Example The fluid that can evaporate is chosen from many available fluids that do not freeze at normal temperatures. Solar collectors that have 0.5 inches have the advantage of eliminating the use of water in the collector system. In addition, the tank has an insulator that can be fitted with a backup pre-heater 32. This is used to establish a minimum system thermal output when there is no enough sunshine (Fred, 2010). Moreover, it greatly reduces freeze susceptibility compared to solar systems that has 1 inch copper. Due to the solar collector system being vented to the atmosphere, those with 0.5 copper inch are easy to assemble and maintain thus allowing excellent heat transfer characteristics (Modular passive solar heating system US 4505261 A, 2010). It also helps in heat exchanger that penetrates the diameter of the tank instead of contracting the periphery of the tank hence providing a lower system profile. Finally, they are able to use less energy and they are

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example He decides about his behavior in the light of the ethical discussions because he has learned it through a sales training program which was conducted in the past. He came to the understanding that if he commits himself to ethical behaviors, his subordinates would also be ethical within their undertakings. He received instructions in writing within the sales training program and this formed the basis for his comprehension. Mr. James’ company employs a proper code of ethics because he has set his eyes on achieving the very best by remaining clean and transparent within his dealings with the people under him as well as the customers who visit his chain of stores. He maintains a proper relationship with them at all times. He leads his team through difficult situations with consummate ease because he has got a wait and see approach which is based on sound ethical values and principles. Companies in this day and age do have written codes of ethics because it dictates the way the empl oyees should conduct themselves. The punishments or penalties imposed on them for violating the ethical domains include the likes of suspension and other legal procedures, which are managed by the human resources management department within these companies.

Planning and Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Planning and Decision Making Essay Planning and decision-making are critical processes for effective police administration because: (1) planning is the first step to the effective operation and good management of a police department; (2) planning is the essential element of decision –making; (3) effective planning can eliminate or reduce potential catastrophe resulting from manmade and natural disasters; (4) decision making can usually be described in three types of theoretical models rational, incremental, and heuristic none of which defines all of the elements and factors that affect every decision; (5) the decisions individuals make during crisis situations often define their leadership abilities and, in some cases, their career success; (6) police administrators rarely act alone and most decision making within a police department is conducted at the group level; and (7) decision making is rarely perfect, and is often marred by individual and group weakness that can be identified and hence, avoided. (Swanson, 2012) Yes I agree on my topic with what the author is talking about, because planning and decision making from personal experience is very big. Making decision is very stressful at times that will lead to depression that comes with giving up and frustration that might makes you uncertain of making the best choice. Planning is the most basic function of management. It preceded other functions because a manager plans before he acts. Planning involves determination the objectives and selecting courses of action that will lead to the achievement of predetermined objectives. I don’t like to plan because I get over my head, and too excited and can’t wait for the day to come.

Major Health Issues Community Health And Social Care Essay

Major Health Issues Community Health And Social Care Essay The Klinefelters Support Group endeavors to afford the community, doctors and nurses with information about Klinefelters syndrome. It offers resource material, information and support about the syndrome to affected persons and families in Western Australia. This paper aims to outline the concept of community in the context of the Klinefelters Support Group and its related characteristics. A community is not just a group of people bounded by geographical boundaries; it also includes people brought together by religion, lifestyles, hobby and interests among other common interests, goals and concerns. The Klinefelter Support Group members have been brought together by common interests. The author used the community health assessment tool (Clarke, 1992) to collect necessary information related to the chosen community in terms of health status and the surrounding environment. Information from Government and related heath websites were used to verify the number of people affected by relate d health problems around Western Australia. The communitys health problems exhibited by the majority of people within the Klinefelter Support Group were prioritized as Klinefelter Syndrome. The community assessment report focuses on the interests, goals and concerns of the members. Concept of Community The community concept has a wide range of definitions. Bartle (2007) argued that the concept does not necessarily denote a physical location; however, it is demarcated by a group of people who share a common interest (par. 6). A community refers to a group of people who share common characteristics like gender, age, race, religion, culture, place, vulnerability and interests (McMurray, 2007, p. 6). A community may be characterized by one or more of the common characteristics. Bartle (2007) argued that the concept of community accrues from having something in common that is a common interest, place and distinction (par. 19). It is full of conflicts, struggles and factions based on differences in religion, access to wealth, class, educational level, language, ownership of capital, gender and many other factors (Bartle, 2007, par. 46). McMurray (2007) also states that each member of a community influences the other members, sharing knowledge and life skills or simply companionship (p.6) . The definition of community will be the following: a group of people, who share commonalities, who interact with one another and who function as one within a related social structure to address common concerns, as it fits well with the Klinefelter group. How the Klinefelters group acts in accordance with the distinctiveness of chosen concept In this case, the chosen respondents under study fulfill the chosen concept of community by having the following related characteristics; it has twelve members who have the Klinefelter Syndrome or whose relative has the Klinefelter Syndrome. Ten of the target groups are male, two are females, their ages range from 14 to 75 years. Through talking to every individual these people mentioned out that they were affected by the Klinefelter Syndrome and that is the reason why they decided to join the group of their interest. The members are persons with the condition, parents of a child, family member of person with the condition and medical professionals. Most of them outlined the reasons why they go and meet at the Shetland Drive premises as a socializing agent, creating friendship, getting some education on how to take good care of their health. They do all these under supervision of the medical professionals. This community resides in places called Henry Brook WA. However, they meet at Shetland Drive center on Fridays and Saturdays for about 5 hours daily, they do that as to create friendship, share about any challenges regarding their health issues they face when they are at their individual places and sharing on their likes, play games and engage in some exercises under the supervision of medical professionals. Relationship between the major health issues of the community under study and the chosen concept of community. With the assistance of Clarks assessment tool, the author was able to gather all the information related to the communitys major health problems. Surprisingly all the twelve people who were interviewed through the questionnaire suffered from Klinefelter Syndrome or their relatives had the syndrome. However, they outlined that is the reason why they meet together to interact and share their problems. And with the help of health professionals they get some education and related therapies as the health professionals continue holding health promotion to try and alleviate or reduce the health problems they are experiencing. Identifying and justifying preference of the tool used for assessment The researcher used Clarkes assessment tool (1992). The tool fulfills its requirements as it guide in collecting useful information related specific study questions. Beck, (2006), pointed out that health assessment tools are used as they have been tested and proven as reliable, systematic and broad (p. 20). This tool has specific questions relating to the target group, physical and social environments, consumption patterns, occupation, leisure pursuits and health services. Methodology Quantitative and Qualitative methods and data collection The researcher used Klinefelter articles and pamphlets, which were at Shetland drive to acquire some qualitative information about the aim of that community. However, data that was more detailed was collected from each individual related to their own health status. Clarkes tool, (1992) was used as an open-ended questionnaire to collect all the subjective information relating to the members. Moreover, the researcher used objective data to add on the data. Quantitative data from Australian Bureau of statistics and Australian government were used to verify the number of people affected by the Klinefelter Syndrome. Verification of Subjective Data Subjective data was verified through use the community members records kept by the health professionals who supervise them. The records verified all the information as correct. Also responds on above confirmed prevalence of issue, which is associated with persons with the syndrome. RESULTS -COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT DATA Human biology Description of the chosen Community using Epidemiological data; According to Bojesen Gravholt (2009, p. 624) Table: 1 Henley Brook Population Profile Total population of Henley Brook 3953 100% Population of 65 and over 6 0.52% In 2009, 0.52 % of the entire population had the Klinefelter Syndrome. The results show that out of every 650 men, one man had the syndrome. Physical Environment Klinefelters Support Group is located in Henley Brook, Western Australia. It is surrounded by residential buildings and situated at 14 Shetland Drive. All the community members live in different places in Western Australia such as Bunbury, Fremantle, Mandurah, Perth and Geraldton. Psychological Environment Psychological environment has been defined as the interrelation between the environments and human behavior ((Issel, 2004, p. 77). Through using Clark, 1992 tool, and the author has found that nearly every member of the understudy community stated that, they suffer from Klinefelter Syndrome. Moreover, members of the community mention that, it is the reason why they choose to join Klinefelters Support Group. They said that the group provides them with appropriate and comfortable place to relax and socialize as a way of avoiding and reducing stresses they face in their day-to-day lives as they share with people who have been affected by the same condition. It was noted through the clients medical records that all of them were under the syndrome medication. The condition was prevalent in people of all ages from young people of 14 years to middle aged people to old people. The male demonstrated breast enlargement, testicular failure and inability to produce sperms. Most of them were depr essed when alone and they argued. The syndrome was a basis of much personal anguish, unceasing morbidity and financial costs. According to Frisch Frisch (2009), in addition to biological determinants, the quality of familial and marital relationships and other social support networks also play important roles in the occurrence and outcome of the syndrome (, p. 4). Social Environment There is a lot of support from the counselors. Infertility counseling is accessible for men coming to terms with barrenness and the way it affect them and their partners. Some of the middle-aged men had lost their spouses since they could not make them. They stated that they feel so lonely and socially isolated when they are in their own homes without the spouses. Those with children who had the condition were scared because their children would go through the same fate. They only tend to socialize and learn new things from each other through meeting at their community center. However, they were all educated and had good jobs before they joined Klinefelters Support Group. They did not have any other problems but viewed the syndrome as a major problem. The members of the community understudy stated that they depend on their salary, benefits, savings as well as some government benefits from Centre link to support their daily needs. Consumption The members of the community stated that they usually try to eat healthy and balanced diet and revealed that they take some medications to boost their hormones. They said that adults and teenager are mostly driven to suicide by the syndrome because they do not know how to cope with the symptoms. Since the group started, none of the community members has committed suicide or given up on life. The community mentioned out that they really like to do some exercises and socialize that are the reasons they belong to Klinefelters Group. The group is fully equipped with medical experts to help the community fulfill their goals. None of the community members complained about any after effects from doing exercises. Occupation Some of the group members are teenagers and are still in schools. Their parents however work and provide for all their needs and thus considered by the group. The middle aged affected by the disease worked whereas some of the members are already retired. Most of them mentioned that they were involved in volunteer work. (Personal contact 25 April 2011) Leisure Pursuits Klinefelters Support Group is close to numerous recreational places and apparently, the community members did mention that they occasionally spend their time relaxing and talking with the other members and health professionals. The health professionals verified that, they do visit certain parks to play games, and engage in some simple exercises as to promote individuals wellbeing, form friendships and enhance their self-perception. Moreover, most of the community members regarded telling stories as their constant leisure activity. (Personal contact 25 April 2011). Health Services The community has easy access to health care services. The members attend different hospitals in their localities. However, the community does have a group of health professionals as been stated earlier, which include the health professionals such as doctors and nurses to help with day-to-day health issues. The community mentioned that they normally fund their health care although they had been soliciting for funds from the ministry of health. Moreover, the community members stated that they get some prescribed medications at a reduced price. The PBS (Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme) schedule states that the holders of a pensioner card and seniors health card are authorized to receive subsided medications at low price (Australian department of health in aging, 2010). Community perception of health One of the members of the community stated that, he feels much better since he joined Klinefelters Support Group. He mentioned out that, he had been so lonely before with no one to talk to, and share his health problems with before he joined the group (Mr. M. personal contact on 25 April 2011). Moreover, other members of the community stated that, they have improved so much in the level of knowledge about their health conditions and how well to take control. For example, they mentioned out that they now know more about the syndrome that they initially did before they joined the group. They even went on to say that, they have come up with certain strategies to overcome stressful situations and move on. Most of the members in this community showed that they have optimistic minds towards their condition. They told the researcher that they are very keen to understand more about their health problems and the way to manage and deal with syndrome. All the members mentioned that they do enjo y each others company, participating in all therapeutic programs such as hand therapies and games, Garden activity. Most of them mentioned that the activities they carried out in the center assist in enhancing memory skills, improving health and assist them in living a stress free life. (Personal contact on 25 April 2011). Excessively, all the members stated that they feel much better now since they joined the Klinefelters Support Group. They rated their health as individually 6/10, 7/10, 9/10, and 8/10. ANALYSIS OF DATA According to Community data, one of the strength of the community is easy access to the health services in main areas of the city. The community can access the Primary Health care services easily. The community benefits by getting prevention of certain diseases that comes with the syndrome, early diagnosis and treatment of some of those diseases. Moreover, community benefit from various recreational places as it offers them with a conducive place to meet and relax. Thus, it is also strength as the community benefit from this local government belonging as they can access social network. Every feature above is a benefit to the lives of people living Western Australia and the community under study in one way or the other. Of the twelve community members, three mentioned that they were employees of one of the above-mentioned organizations or features. Thus, it is strength to the community as there is provision of jobs within the City. Moreover, there is community networking and it is str ength as the members mentioned that they contact one another in case if one of them is in trouble, or is having coping problems. The members have access to Internet and telephone networks from their homes, which enable them to interact frequently. Application of Social Determinants of health This is the interpretation and analysis the above community assessment data to find out how social determinants influences on communitys health. Immigrants health needs are very complex and wide-ranging, especially given the diversity in background socioeconomic status, ethnicity, geography and culture. Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, including the health system (Chapman et. al, 2008, p. 68). The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities and they include the social gradient, housing, education, work, unemployment, social support, health services, food and transport (Chapman et. al, 2008, p. 160) The researcher is going to explain how social determinants are influencing the communitys health. The community understudy mentioned that some of them are in schools; others are employed while some have already retired and now enjoying their superannuation benefits and some center link benefits. Thos e employed mentioned that they earn good household income ranging from $2000 to $3000 weekly. They mentioned that they could eat good balanced diet but they were lonely and socially isolated which contributed other health issues such as depression, stress and even suicidal thoughts etc. This shows how social gradient has influence on the communities health. The members also stated they own their own accommodation such as houses, thus there is no poverty and there is less spread of communicable diseases within the members. Moreover, education is another social determinant of health found in this community, however, the community holds high educational qualifications, which are represented by the knowledge, and understanding of their own problems and knowing how to overcome them. In addition, the locality has a lot of schools and Universities showing the availability and easy access of education in the community. Many social support networks are available for the community and they re ally support and recommend Klinefelters Support Group, where the members create friendships, socialize and share their problems. Thus, this enables reduction in the levels of life stresses, which causes suicidal thought, depression and stress. Moreover, many health services from hospitals are also available nearby and thus enable the community to get medication and to be attended to and diagnosed early in case of any emergency of health problem. The community is very aware of preventative measures of health for example by making use of particular medications that have to do with the syndrome. Lastly, easy access to transport helps the community to get wherever they need to be on time. For instance, medical centers and it really saves peoples lives and further health complications as the community will be able to reach to related places on time. According to the demography and subjective data, the physical environment of the locality notably their road infrastructures, dwellings, com munity services and facilities are adequate and modern to support its consumers. These infrastructures and accommodation are very much important to keep their social life fit and healthy. Their high socioeconomic status due to employment, high educational level and diverse backgrounds may influence their consumption patterns. They maintain basic living standards but when they have special health care needs, such as specialist treatment services or elective surgery, which are excluded from Medicare or schedule surgery, which most of them can afford. In addition, social exclusion resulting from the condition could prevent the members from participating in education or training and gaining access to health services and other activities, which could be socially and psychologically damaging and harmful to health (Wilkinson Marmont, 2003, p. 16). The transport services, Internet facilities and telecommunication are sufficient according to their needs. Application of primary healthcare principles in the community Primary health care has been explained as the initial care to the problem (McMurray, 2007, p. 41). The main aim of this care is to provide and improve initial health for the community and the whole society at large (McMurray, 2007, p. 41). Primary health care includes principals such as equity, appropriate technology, accessibility, intersectional collaboration, increased emphasis on health support, public contribution, and empowerment (McMurray, 2007). The researcher is going to apply these health care principles to the community understudy. Equity The community understudy does not choose on who should join the group, but it is a program for all the residents of Western Australia who suffer from the Klinefelters condition. It does provide many services to its members, such as exercises, dancing, hand therapy, games and health education on how to cope with life. It provides equal distribution of care to all the members regardless of race, age, language and functional capacity (McMurray, 2007, p. 37). The community provides transportation and free medication. Appropriate technology The main aim of technology is to improve the health status of the community. The community has an intranet database system in which all the health professionals keep information about the patients. In addition, the community members information is all collected and imputed into the communitys computer system. Moreover, all the community members have access to mobile phones and Internet at their homes for communication purposes with their families, community members and their health professionals for any appointments and arrangements. The community has big television and radio to ensure the community is up to date with what is happening in the world and to provide relaxing music to the stressed ones. In addition, the health professionals make use of stethoscopes, and other medical equipments need to check members vital signs if required. McMurray (2007, p. 38) mentioned out that although technological advances have helped health status improves over the years. Issues such as abortion, IVF and organ harvesting have raised serious ethical questions (McMurray, 2007, p. 38). Accessibility McMurray (2007) stresses the importance of equal access of all people to health services in helping eliminate disadvantage (p. 37). Health opportunities should be available to all despite their ethnic, financial and geographical status. The weakness of this community is that members fund their own hospital expenses and the group does not offer much help because of limited resources, members normally fund the group to keep it going. However, the community center is situated at a central point such that its members will be able to access it easily. The community center caters for the health care professionals who ask for very small salaries in order to assist the community cope well with the syndrome. Intersectoral Collaboration This involves the cooperation of different service providers to provide the needs of the community (McMurray, 2007, p. 88). In the community understudy, intersectoral collaboration is established by the availability and cooperation of doctors and nurses from different hospitals and who assist in providing related care to the members. The community has got other staff members DSW (disability worker supporter) who do work in the kitchen to provide meals for the members during their meeting times, clerks, and administration personal. These also work in hand with the all the above-mentioned health professionals to provide the required essential care. Increased emphasis on health promotion This refers to the process of allowing people to acquire more control and boost their healthiness (WHO, as cited in McMurray, 2007, p. 39). McMurray, (2007) also states that health promotion empowers people to take charge and boost their own healthiness and is vital for health professionals (p.39). Health professionals fully involve clients in their health care by continuously educating them on their medical conditions and how well to continue taking good care of them self. In the community center, many various pamphlets and articles cover education on the Klinefelters condition such as hand washing, immunizations, The health professionals under supervision mentioned out that, they do present on a certain health topic and its management each week. Public Participation According to McMurray (2007), public empowerment is the key to public participation (p 44). The community demonstrates good public participation, as the members have been able to recognize that for their health to improve, they are supposed to change their lifestyle patterns and adhere to their day therapies. An example of public participation to this community was, most of members were contributing to some questions asked by the health professionals relating to what actions to take when feeling stressed. Empowerment Empowerment has been described as social action, which includes education of the community to a sense of ownership and how well to take control of their health problems as to ensure better, and improved health (McMurray, 2007, p. 2). Community members are motivated by the education, health promotions, exercises, games they receive from the health professionals to help them develop their health. Affordability The community mentioned out that they fund their health care but they have been soliciting for help from health department care, which would make it easier for them to afford and access the health care they need. Nevertheless, on top of that, the members are asked to pay a certain amount of money every month to Klinefelters Support Group, which they stated that it was quite sensible and affordable. Brief Conclusion of the data importance Excessively, the collected data showed that, the community under study involves twelve people who suffer from the Klinefelters condition. However, the data reveals that the syndrome affects people of all ages and thus the community group has students who suffer from the syndrome, their parents, middle-aged men and health care professionals. The data shows that the syndrome and stress that come with it are the most significant health issue in this community. According to the community members data, the main aim they joined this community is to enhance socialization, exercises, create friendship, sharing ideas and success education from the related health professionals at the community. Health/ Social Issues Health/Nursing Issues The health assessment of the chosen community indicates most of the members in this community have confidence in their health status although they have the same medical condition. The most significant medical condition is the stress and depression that comes with how the sufferers are treated by their spouses. The typical lifestyles of majority of them are good which is different to the same age groups (65% reported to have any form of exercise) that appear in the National Health Survey (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007-08). Potential problem of failing to take medications in adults and children was related to the fact that some of the members give up on life before they even take medications. Adults and children delaying their medication related to lack of proper psychological treatment, not enough communication and collaboration between different sectors involved in health service delivery, not enough health education for immigrants. Potential risk of nutritional deficiencies among the community members evidenced by their food and nutrition habits, also prevalence of anemia and Vitamin D deficiency. High level of stress related to concern about the condition, isolation, personal and community safety and traumatic experiences upon discovering that one has a condition and may not get better. Social isolation especially for men related to their lack of ability to have children, lifestyle differences and chosen sedentary lifestyle that may affect their psychological and physical health status in the long term. NURSING PLAN FOR HIGHEST PRIORITY ISSUE According to data analysis and community assessment, the Klinefelters condition is chosen as the highest priority health issue for the community understudy. Men suffering from this condition have a high rate of being associated with affective disorder such as depression. The author determined objectives to find out the modifiable risk factors and the appropriate interventions to prevent community from further complications from life stresses and depression. Nursing Problem: Depression related to feelings of worthlessness, failure of interaction, lack of positive feedback as manifested by withdrawal from social isolation, expression of feelings of loneliness. Expected Outcomes The community member will have desire to live and lists several reasons for wanting to live. The community initiates social interactions with peers and health professionals: Should verbalize satisfaction with social interactions: I really enjoyed our conversation. Individuals will demonstrate effective copying strategies. INTERVENTIONS Liaise the community members with other multidisciplinary teams, support groups, or community based services and programs. For example, if the community needs special social support, liaise with the appropriate social or indigenous community services. The social service will assist the member to learn new coping methods such as psychosocial and problem solving techniques. Empower the community to have enough knowledge about risky behaviors on being socially isolated with no interactions with other people in the community or families. Assist in offering health education about risk factors by means of pamphlets, through local communication networks or counseling. Emphasize public participation by way of group involvement for example psychosocial therapies, outings, activities organized by the community board or local governments. Help the community individual to list their problems from maximum to minimum urgent and assist them to find immediate solutions for most troubling problems, postpone those that can wait, delegate some significant others and knowledge those beyond the individuals control. Hold some health promotion specifically relating to depression and should include health education with such issues as, self-care to those with self-care deficit and ensure that there is use of visual and audio technologies or even pamphlets. Rationales Learning new coping methods from related multidisciplinary team for example social support service can help in problem solving and getting involved in community programs which will help the individuals to manage internal and external stressors successfully (Fortinash Holoday-Worret, 1991, p. 5) This will enable the individuals to demonstrate that feeling of empowerment and to have much knowledge about their goals (McMurray, 2007, p. 304) Group involvement will make the individuals to gain support from others and will learn social skills vicariously and will be able to see that his/her problems and concerns are similar to those of others (Clark, 2009, p. 23) Listing problems in priority helps to reduce their overwhelming effects and breaks them into more manageable increments (Fortinash Holoday-Worret, 1991, p. 5) Health promotions will make it easier for the health professionals in terms of conveying the message to individuals and even they will tend to understand more since there will be use pamphlets, projectors etc. (Clark, 2003, p. 46) Evaluations A feedback will be taken from the community on whether their expected outcomes were met and this can be achieved within a survey from the community. By getting feedback from the community services, programs or multidisciplinary teams whether the community worked with them and remain if they were actually cooperating with them to get expected outcomes or not. Over qualitative data from the personal interviewing with the patients from the community, evaluate the perception of community towards the whole varieties of therapies provided at the day care Centre. By assessing the communities depression level through taking mini mental state examination and compare the results from the ones they had before they joined the day care therapy. Nursing interventions: Nursing intervention Rationale Encourage the group members to take part in social activities. Participation in social activities can provide the opportunities to a person to meet new friends. Moreover, people are more likely to share his or her feelings and receive supports from others with similar problems (Hinchliff, Norman Schober, 1993, p. 53). Encourage expression of feelings and needs

Misunderstandings in Gender: Women Sexual Predators Essay -- Sexism Cr

There are many heinous crimes that have saturated our society; news reports of a woman being attacked while walking to her car late at night, a child being abducted and his frantic mother pleading with the assailant to let her child go. There is a common theme threaded into the reports we frequently see plastered on our television screens and that theme is masculinity in crime. It seems almost unfathomable that a woman could commit murder, least of all a sex crime. Due to this distorted thinking of the masses, society has shaped judicial systems worldwide to panelize women less frequently and even less harshly than their male counterparts. When a jury of peers sits in judgment of little Susie Q, wife and mother of 4, on counts of child molestation the initial opinion is that of disbelief. If this was a man sitting in Susie’s place, that man is likely considered a pervert, well before any facts or evidence is even mentioned. There are numerous cases of women committing violent and nonviolent sex crimes but rarely do we see them on a late night news broadcast. Is it because it happens less frequently than crimes committed by men? Maybe. Or have we been conditioned to think that women are mothers; sweet, all loving souls that comfort and support the ones they love. How lovely. Women are biologically equipped to be mothers and all sorts of other wonderful things, but because of this generalized view, it seems women are more likely to get away with harming someone and that in no way is acceptable. In the article â€Å"Theories of Sexual Deviancy† by Rosenberg and Associates, the author states â€Å"for the molester, he may find comfort and acceptance in the children he so desires.† This statement openly distinguishes a sex offender as singu... ...oodgates of communication so that we may be able to better understand and accept that sexual crimes do not discriminate based on gender. Trauma has no hormonal preference. When it comes to innocent people being harmed, gender should be completely excluded and the crime should be punished without prejudice preferential treatment. It is important that all people be held to the same standard when it comes to crime and sexual abuse and violence are no exception. Works Cited Burke, Dr. S. Abnormal Psychology/ LifeSpan Psychology Instructor, Washtenaw Community College November 2010. Munro, Kali. Mother Daughter Sexual Abuse: A Painful Topic. 4 December 2010. . Rosenberg and Associates. "Theories of Sexual Deviancy." Angelfire.com. 04 December 2010 .

Alvin Ailey :: essays research papers

Every company has what is known as a â€Å"signature piece,† that is, a work which expresses something about the artistic direction and the spirit of the company. For the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater that piece is Revelations. Choreographed and set to traditional music, Revelations was first performed at the Ninety-second Street YM-YWHA New York, NY., January 31, 1960. The lead dancers were Joan Derby, Minnie Marhsall, Merle Derby, Dorene Richardson, Jay Fletcher, Nathaniel Horne, and Herman Howell and the soloists were Nancy Redi and Gene Hobgood. The music was performed by the Music Masters Guild Chorus of the Harlem Branch YMCA under the direction of Frank Thomas. The piece as originally performed consisted of danced portions and music interleudes grouped under three broad headings, â€Å"Pilgrim of Sorrow,† â€Å"That Love My Jesus Gives Me,† and â€Å"Move, Members, Move.† The work was revised extensively a month after its first performance and was agai n given at the Ninety-second Street YM-YWHA. Revelations has been seen in every country that the company has toured and has been universally acclaimed. Born in Rogers, Texas on January 5, 1931, Alvin Ailey spent his formative years going to Sunday School and participating in The Baptist Young People's Union. At age twelve, he moved to Los Angeles and, on a junior high school class trip to the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, fell in love with concert dance. Ailey began his formal dance training inspired by the performances of the Katherine Dunham Dance Company and the classes with Lester Horton that his friend, Carmen de Lavallade, urged him to take. Horton, the founder of the first racially integrated dance company in the US, was a catalyst for Ailey as the young dancer embarked on his professional career. After Horton's death in 1953, Ailey became the director of the Lester Horton Dance Theater and began to choreograph his own works. In New York, Ailey studied with many outstanding dance artists, including Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman, Hanya Holm and Karel Shook, and took acting classes with Stella Adler. A versatile performer, Ailey won a number of acting roles while continuing to choreograph and dance professionally. In 1958, Ailey founded his own company, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. During the Company's first decade, Ailey created approximately twenty new ballets, among them Hermit Songs and Reflections in D. These were followed by The River, The Lark Ascending, Love Songs and many others.

Lack of Mother and Reunion in Victorian Times

LACK OF MOTHER AND METAPHORS OF REUNION IN OLIVER TWIST AND JANE EYRE The aim of this paper is to discuss the psychological effects of being motherless and orphanhood and metaphors of reunion under social class distinction observation on the characters of two well known Victorian novels; Jane Eyre and Oliver Twist. Orphanhood means having no parents but in Victorian society this term also refers to â€Å"one who has deprived of only one parent† as Laura Peters states. As a result of this, motherlessness and orphanhood were considered the same in the Victorian Era. To write a life, in the Victorian period , is to write the story of the loss of mother† says Caroline Dever. In other words, Victorian fiction mostly tells us the piteous stories of little motherless,orphan children who are vulnerable and disadvantaged. The importance of family and blood relations are significant aspects of Victorian Era. So these little orphans should have defend themselves against disadvantag es of being alone in this material world, also they had to get over their psychological traumas mostly by themselves. According to Dever, mother is the symbol of the unity,safety and order in a child's life. Within the death of mother, the hero/heroine finds himself in a very dangerous , chaotic situation. In addition to that, the female protagonist has to face with erotic danger. Mostly in Victorian novels, maternal lossis used a path to set the young protoganist free to construct selfhood independently of parental constraint. The lack of parents leads the protagonist to start his quest in a disadvantaged position and he finds his inner strength to assert his personality. Orphans are in search of identity in social, psychological and personal dimensions. Lacan's â€Å"mirror phase† is the very first step of being a person. When a baby first sees himself on the mirror, at first he tries to control and play it. When the baby understands that this is a reflection,he realizes that he is not a part ofmother, on the contrary, he has another personality. Until now,the baby thinks himself like a body part of his mother. With the mirror stage, he sees himself as a whole being and this realizationis very important for his identification. On the other hand,this realization creates alienation. Understanding her mother is a seperate object makes him realise that this object is not under his control. Starting from now,he searches identificatory images to fill this lack,such as representations,doubles and other. In order to understand and achieve the main goals of Jane Eyre and Oliver Twist, we should have a glance at Charles Dicken's and Charlotte Bronte's early lives. Charlotte Bronte was born in 1816, the third daughter of the Rev. Patrick Bronte and his wife Maria. Her brother Patrick Branwell was born in 1817, and her sisters Emily and Anne in 1818 and 1820. In 1820, too, the Bronte family moved to Haworth, Mrs. Bronte dying the following year. In 1824 the four eldest Bronte daughters were enrolled as pupils at the Clergy Daughter's School at Cowan Bridge. The following year Maria and Elizabeth, the two eldest daughters, became ill, left the school and died: Charlotte and Emily, understandably, were brought home. In 1826 Mr. Bronte brought home a box of wooden soldiers for Branwell to play with. Charlotte, Emily, Branwell, and Ann, playing with the soldiers, conceived of and began to write in great detail about an imaginary world which they called Angria. In 1831 Charlotte became a pupil at the school at Roe Head, but she left school the following year to teach her sisters at home. She returned returns to Roe Head School in 1835 as a governess: for a time her sister Emily attended the same school as a pupil, but became homesick and returned to Haworth. Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the Naval Pay Office. He had a poor head for finances, and in 1824 found himself imprisoned for debt. His wife and children, with the exception of Charles, who was put to work at Warren's Blacking factory, joined him in the Marshalsea Prison. When the family finances were put at least partly to rights and his father was released, the twelve-year-old Dickens, already scarred psychologically by the experience, was further wounded by his mother's insistence that he continue to work at the factory. His father, however, rescued him from that fate, and between 1824 and 1827 Dickens was a day pupil at a school in London. At fifteen, he found employment as an office boy at an attorney's, while he studied shorthand at night. His brief stint at the Blacking Factory haunted him all of his life — he spoke of it only to his wife and to his closest friend, John Foster— but the dark secret became a source both of creative energy and of the preoccupation with the themes of alienation and betrayal which would emerge, most notably, in David Copperfield and in Great Expectations. Jane Eyre and Oliver Twist both grew up as orphans. They both struggled with poverty. Growing up in misery, because they were lower class, both Jane and Oliver did what they needed to do to survive. Oliver joined the pick-pocketers to earn money to live. Jane went through school and applied herself, so she would not end up unhappy and in poverty. Jane and Oliver had similar obstacles while trying to basically survive. Both Jane and Oliver, as children, were lower class. The plot of Jane Eyre follows the form of a Bildungsroman, which tells the story of a child’s maturation and focuses on the emotions and experiences that accompany and incite his or her growth to adulthood. In Jane Eyre, there are five distinct stages of development, each linked to a particular place: Jane’s childhood at Gateshead, her education at the Lowood School, her time as Adele’s governess at Thornfield, her time with the Rivers family at Morton and at Moor House, and her reunion with and marriage to Rochester at Ferndean. From these experiences, Jane becomes the mature woman who narrates the novel retrospectively Jane has no real parents and family, but only her dead uncle's wife and her cousins. Jane's childhood focuses on who she is and where she belongs to. She always looks for someone to identify herself because she faces the world with the â€Å"primal â€Å"lack† The psychologist Carl Jung was interested in the â€Å"collective unconscious† or the primordial images and ideas that reside in every human being's psyche. often appearing in the forms of dreams,visions and fantasies , these images provoke strong emotions that are beyond the explanation of reason. In Jane Eyre, the bounds of reality continually expand, so that dreams and visions have as much validity as a reason,providing access to the inner recesses of Jane's and Rochester's psyches. Their relationship also has a supernatural component. Throughout the novel, Jane is described as a â€Å"fairy†. Sitting in the red-room, she labels herself a â€Å"tiny phantom,half fairy,half imp†. As a fairy, Jane identifies herself as a special,magical creature. Her dreams have a prophetic character, suggesting their almost supernatural ability to predict future. In a dream foreshadowing the direction of her relationship with Rochester, she is â€Å"tossed on a buoyant but unquiet sea†. Jane's dream warns her that their relationship will be rocky, bringing chaos and passion to her life. Not only Jane is a mythical creature, but the narrative she creates also has a mythic element, mixing realism and fantasy. We see the first instance of this as Jane sits nervously in the red-room and imagines a gleam of light shining on the wall; for her,this indicates a vision â€Å"from another world† As Jane's departure from Gateshead was marked by her pseudo-supernatural experience in the red-room, her movement away from Lowood also has a paranormal component. Meditatingupon the best means for discovering anew job, Jane is visited by a â€Å"kind fairy† who offers her a solution. This psychic counsellor gives her very spesific advice: Place an advertisement in the local newspaper, with answers addressed to J. E. , and do it immediately. The fairy's plan works, and Jane soon discovers the job at Thornfield. As a gypsy woman, Rochester aligned himself with mystical knowledge. During his telling of her fortune, Rochester seems to have peered directly into Jane's heart, leaning her deep into a dram-state she likens to â€Å"a web of mystification†. He magically weaves a web around Jane with words, and appears to have watched every movement of her heart, like an â€Å"unseen spirit†. During this scene, he wears a red cloak, showing that he has taken over the position of Red Riding Hood that Jane held earlier. The position he gives Mason also has mystical powers, giving Mason the strength he lacks for an hour or so, hinting at Rochester's mysterious possibly supernatural powers. In emphasizing the uniqueness of Jane and Rocester's love, Bronte gives their meetings a mythical feel, so that they are depicted as archetypes of true lovers. Her association of Rochesters's horde and dog with the Gytrash places their initial meeting in an almost fairytale-like setting. Later, Rochesters reveals that at this initial meeting, he thought Jane was a fairy who had bewitched his horse. The lovers' reunion at the end of the novel also has a psychic component. As she is about to accept St. John's wishes, Jane experiences a sensation as â€Å" sharp, as strange , as shocking† as an electric shock. Then she heards Rochester's voice calling her name. The voice comes from nowhere,speaking â€Å"in pain and woe,wildly,urgently†. So powerful is this voice that Jane cries, â€Å"I am coming† and runs out of the door into the garden, but she discovers no sign of Rochester. She rejects the notion that this is the evilish voice of the witchcraft, but feels that it comes from benevolent nature, not a miracle , but nature's best effort to help her, as if the forces of nature are assisting this very special relationship. She introduces the ideal of a telepathic bond between the lovers. This psychic sympathy leads Jane to hear Rochester's frantic call for her,and for Rochester to pick her response out of the wind. In fact, he even correctly intuits that her response came fromsome mountainous place. Through the novel's supernatural elements, Jane and Rochester become archetypes of ideal lovers, supporting Jane's exorbitant claim that noone â€Å"was ever nearer to her mate than I am†. These mythic elements transforms their relationship from ordinary to extraordinary. The ending of Jane Eyre is perhaps the most obvious â€Å"happy† ending of the books in Victorian Era. The ending, which is like a beginning when Rochester and Jane are reunited at the house at Ferndean , details the manifold ways in which Jane and Mr. Rochester's lives and souls evolve and change after their reunion, through their own work and by the hand of God. They mature as individuals, but also grow exceptionally close as a couple, coming to work together with â€Å"perfect concord† (Bronte, 384. ) As the novel concludes, miracles are worked, love and sight are restored, a child is born and a new haven of domestic bliss is established in Jane and Rochester's home. Emerging as an ideal Victorian companion, wife and mother, Jane stands as the perfect woman that Bertha, the mad woman in the attic and Mr. Rochester's first wife, could never be. She and Rochester establish the domestic bliss that could not found with Bertha, and come to prize it above all else but God. The end of Jane Eyre starts with a beginning: Jane, who calls Rochester â€Å"master,† and Rochester, who calls Jane â€Å"darling,† come together once more, and this time for good. Seeing him for the first time in years, Jane is in â€Å"rapture† (367), although she initially keeps her presence concealed from Rochester. When she finally presents herself to Rochester, the couple is together once more, It is an ideal reunion. With her return, Rochester's life is instantly changed: Rochester's heart renewed, the couple goes on to define themselves a new as companions, and then lovers. Jane Eyre is critical of Victorian England’s strict social hierarchy. Bronte’s exploration of the complicated social position of governesses is perhaps the novel’s most important treatment of this theme. Like Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, Jane is a figure of ambiguous class standing and, consequently, a source of extreme tension for the characters around her. Jane’s manners, sophistication, and education are those of an aristocrat, because Victorian governesses, who tutored children in etiquette as well as academics, were expected to possess the â€Å"culture† of the aristocracy. Yet, as paid employees, they were more or less treated as servants; thus, Jane remains penniless and powerless while at Thornfield. Jane’s understanding of the double standard crystallizes when she becomes aware of her feelings for Rochester; she is his intellectual, but not his social, equal. Even before the crisis surrounding Bertha Mason, Jane is hesitant to marry Rochester because she senses that she would feel indebted to him for â€Å"condescending† to marry her. Jane’s distress, which appears most strongly in Chapter 17, seems to be Bronte’s critique of Victorian class attitudes. Jane herself speaks out against class prejudice at certain moments in the book. For example, in Chapter 23 she asks Rochester: â€Å"Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! —I have as much soul as you—and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. † However, it is also important to note that nowhere in Jane Eyre are society’s boundaries bent. Ultimately, Jane is only able to marry Rochester as his equal because she has almost magically come into her own inheritance from her uncle. Jane struggles continually to achieve equality and to overcome oppression. In addition to class hierarchy, she must fight against patriarchal domination—against those who believe women to be inferior to men and try to treat them as such. Three central male figures threaten her desire for equality and dignity: Mr. Brocklehurst, Edward Rochester, and St. John Rivers. All three are misogynistic on some level. Each tries to keep Jane in a submissive position, where she is unable to express her own thoughts and feelings. In her quest for independence and self-knowledge, Jane must escape Brocklehurst, reject St. John, and come to Rochester only after ensuring that they may marry as equals. This last condition is met once Jane proves herself able to function, through the time she spends at Moor House, in a community and in a family. She will not depend solely on Rochester for love and she can be financially independent. Furthermore, Rochester is blind at the novel’s end and thus dependent upon Jane to be his â€Å"prop and guide. In Chapter 12, Jane articulates what was for her time a radically feminist philosophy: Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffe r; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex. Dickens sets Oliver Twist in early 19th-century England, a time when long-held ideas and beliefs came under serious scrutiny. Profound changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, religious uncertainty, scientific advancement, and political and social upheaval caused many Victorians to reexamine many aspects of their society and culture. Industrialization drove many farmworkers into the cities, where poor labor conditions and inadequate housing condemned most of them to poverty. The unprecedented increase in urban population fostered new and overwhelming problems of sanitation, overcrowding, poverty, disease, and crime in the huge slums occupied by impoverished workers, the unemployed, and the unfortunate. London slums bred the sort of crime Dickens portrays in Oliver Twist. The novel is set against the background of the New Poor Law of 1834, which established a system of workhouses for those who, because of poverty, sickness, mental disorder, or age, could not provide for themselves. Young Oliver Twist, an orphan, spends his first nine years in a â€Å"baby farm,† a workhouse for children in which only the hardiest survive. When Oliver goes to London, he innocently falls in with a gang of youthful thieves and pickpockets headed by a vile criminal named Fagin. Dickens renders a powerful and generally realistic portrait of this criminal underworld, with all its sordidness and sin. He later contrasts the squalor and cruelty of the workhouse and the city slums with the peace and love Oliver finds in the country at the Maylies’ home. Oliver Twist The novel’s protagonist is an orphan born in a workhouse, and Dickens uses his situation to criticize public policy toward the poor in 1830s England. Oliver is between nine and twelve years old when the main action of the novel occurs. Though treated with cruelty and surrounded by coarseness for most of his life, he is a pious, innocent child, and his charms draw the attention of several wealthy benefactors. His true identity is the central mystery of the novel As the child hero of a melodramatic novel of social protest, Oliver Twist is meant to appeal more to our sentiments than to our literary sensibilities. On many levels, Oliver is not a believable character, because although he is raised in corrupt surroundings, his purity and virtue are absolute. Throughout the novel, Dickens uses Oliver’s character to challenge the Victorian idea that paupers and criminals are already evil at birth, arguing instead that a corrupt environment is the source of vice. At the same time, Oliver’s incorruptibility undermines some of Dickens’s assertions. Oliver is shocked and horrified when he sees the Artful Dodger and Charley Bates pick a stranger’s pocket and again when he is forced to participate in a burglary. Oliver’s moral scruples about the sanctity of property seem inborn in him, just as Dickens’s opponents thought that corruption is inborn in poor people. Furthermore, other pauper children use rough Cockney slang, but Oliver, oddly enough, speaks in proper King’s English. His grammatical fastidiousness is also inexplicable, as Oliver presumably is not well-educated. Even when he is abused and manipulated, Oliver does not become angry or indignant. When Sikes and Crackit force him to assist in a robbery, Oliver merely begs to be allowed to â€Å"run away and die in the fields. Oliver does not present a complex picture of a person torn between good and evil—instead, he is goodness incarnate. [pic] Even if we might feel that Dickens’s social criticism would have been more effective if he had focused on a more complex poor character, like the Artful Dodger or Nancy, the audience for whom Dickens was writing might not have been receptive to such a portra yal. Dickens’s Victorian middle-class readers were likely to hold opinions on the poor that were only a little less extreme than those expressed by Mr. Bumble, the beadle who treats paupers with great cruelty. In fact, Oliver Twist was criticized for portraying thieves and prostitutes at all. Given the strict morals of Dickens’s audience, it may have seemed necessary for him to make Oliver a saintlike figure. Because Oliver appealed to Victorian readers’ sentiments, his story may have stood a better chance of effectively challenging their prejudices Throughout Oliver Twist, Dickens criticizes the Victorian stereotype of the poor as criminals from birth. However, after a strident critique of the representation of the poor as hereditary criminals, he portrays Monks as a criminal whose nature has been determined since birth. Brownlow tells Monks, â€Å"You . . . from your cradle were gall and bitterness to your own father’s heart, and . . . all evil passions, vice, and profligacy, festered [in you]. † Monks’s evil character seems less the product of his own decisions than of his birth. Oliver Twist is full of mistaken, assumed, and changed identities. Oliver joins his final domestic scene by assuming yet another identity. Once the mystery of his real identity is revealed, he quickly exchanges it for another, becoming Brownlow’s adopted son. After all the fuss and the labyrinthine conspiracies to conceal Oliver’s identity, it is ironic that he gives it up almost as soon as he discovers it. The final chapters quickly deliver the justice that has been delayed throughout the novel. Fagin dies on the gallows. Sikes hangs himself by accident—it is as though the hand of fate or a higher authority reaches out to execute him. Mr. and Mrs. Bumble are deprived of the right to ever hold public office again. They descend into poverty and suffer the same privations they had forced on paupers in the past. Monks never reforms, nor does life show him any mercy. True to Brownlow’s characterization of him as bad from birth, he continues his idle, evil ways and dies in an American prison. For him, there is no redemption. Like Noah, he serves as a foil—a character whose attributes contrast with, and thereby accentuate, those of another—to Oliver’s character. He is as evil, twisted, and mean while Oliver is good, virtuous, and kind. Oliver and all of his friends, of course, enjoy a blissful, fairy-tale ending. Everyone takes up residence in the same neighborhood and lives together like one big, happy family. Perhaps the strangest part of the concluding section of Oliver Twist is Leeford’s condition for Oliver’s inheritance. Leeford states in his will that, if his child were a son, he would inherit his estate â€Å"only on the stipulation that in his minority he should never have stained his name with any public act of dishonor, meanness, cowardice, or wrong. † It seems strange that a father would consign his child to lifelong poverty as well as the stigma of illegitimacy if the son ever committed a single wrong in childhood. In the same way that the court is willing to punish Oliver for crimes committed by another, Leeford is ready to punish Oliver for any small misdeed merely because he hated his first son, Monks, so much. One contradiction that critics of Oliver Twist have pointed out is that although Dickens spends much of the novel openly attacking retributive justice, the conclusion of the novel is quick to deliver such justice. At the story’s end, crimes are punished harshly, and devilish characters are still hereditary devils to the very end. The only real change is that Oliver is now acknowledged as a hereditary angel rather than a hereditary devil. No one, it seems, can escape the identity dealt to him or her at birth. The real crime of characters like Mr. Bumble and Fagin may not have been mistreating a defenseless child—it may have been mistreating a child who was born for a better life. Yet Dickens’s crusade for forgiveness and tolerance is upheld by his treatment of more minor characters, like Nancy, whose memory is sanctified, and Charley Bates, who redeems himself and enters honest society. These characters’ fates demonstrate that the individual can indeed rise above his or her circumstances, and that an unfortunate birth does not have to guarantee an unfortunate life and legacy. Oliver Twist is a story about the battles of good versus evil, with the evil continually trying to corrupt and exploit the good. It portrays the power of Love, Hate, Greed, and Revenge and how each can affect the people involved. The love between Rose and Harry in the end conquers all the obstacles between them. The hate that Monks feels for Oliver and the greed he feels towards his inheritance eventually destroys him. The revenge that Sikes inflicts on Nancy drives him almost insane and eventually to accidental suicide. Dickens' wide array of touching characters emphasizes the virtues of sacrifice, compromise, charity, and loyalty. Most importantly, though the system for the poor is not changed, the good in Dickens' novel outweighs the evil, and the main characters that are part of this good live happily ever after Poverty is a prominent concern in Oliver Twist. Throughout the novel, Dickens enlarges on this theme, describing slums so decrepit that whole rows of houses are on the point of ruin. In an early chapter, Oliver attends a pauper's funeral with Mr. Sowerberry and sees a whole family crowded together in one miserable room. This ubiquitous misery makes Oliver's few encounters with charity and love more poignant. Oliver owes his life several times over to kindness both large and small. The apparent plague of poverty that Dickens describes also conveyed to his middle-class readers how much of the London population was stricken with poverty and disease. Nonetheless, in Oliver Twist he delivers a somewhat mixed message about social caste and social injustice. Oliver's illegitimate workhouse origins place him at the nadir of society; as an orphan without friends, he is routinely despised. His â€Å"sturdy spirit† keeps him alive despite the torment he must endure. Most of his associates, however, deserve their place among society's dregs and seem very much at home in the depths. Noah Claypole, a charity boy like Oliver, is idle, stupid, and cowardly; Sikes is a thug; Fagin lives by corrupting children; and the Artful Dodger seems born for a life of crime. Many of the middle-class people Oliver encounters—Mrs. Sowerberry, Mr. Bumble, and the savagely hypocritical â€Å"gentlemen† of the workhouse board, for example; are, if anything, worse. Oliver, on the other hand, who has an air of refinement remarkable for a workhouse boy, proves to be of gentle birth. Although he has been abused and neglected all his life, he recoils, aghast, at the idea of victimizing anyone else. This apparently hereditary gentlemanliness makes Oliver Twist something of a challenging tale, not just an indictment of social injustice. Oliver, born for better things, struggles to survive in the savage world of the underclass before finally being rescued by his family and returned to his proper place—a commodious country house. In both novels,the protagonists managed to survive in spite of their lack of disadvantages. Jane,who never saw her parents,finds herself positive role-models and with the inspirationof these models she manages to reach her happy ending even there is a strict class distinction. Some critics say, Jane's success comes from her motherlessness. Marianne Hirsch explains this and says â€Å"The heroine attemping to cut herself off from a constraining past, to invent a new story, her own story, and eager to avoid the typically devastatingfate of her mother (Hirsch 44) Oliver, who suffered a lot and managed to stay pure and clean, got the divine judgement and possesses a family now and he is away happy with his family ———————– Throughout the novel, Jane is described as a â€Å"fairy. † Read more: http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/Jane-Eyre-Critical-Essays-A-Jungian-Approach-to-Jane-Eyre. id-23,pageNum-725. html#ixzz0ogTEssy5